Reasoning and 11 Plus

Common mistakes in word meanings

9 mistakes learners make with word meanings, each one named and explained.

All common mistakes

Closest in meaning is a comparison, so check every option before choosing.

A letter run that is not a real word

What it looks like

Letters that do bridge the join, like MPEA, are offered as the hidden word.

Why it happens

The letters really are there in order, so the run feels like a find.

A worked example

Question. Find the four letter word across the join in: clean tables

A common answer. EANT, because those letters cross the join

The answer. LEANT

Why. A hidden word has to be a dictionary word, not just any run of letters. LEANT crosses the same join and is real.

Put the two side by side

EANT is a letter run.
LEANT is a word you know.

Check the letters make a word you know before writing it down.

A linked word instead of the matching relation

What it looks like

Puppy is to KENNEL, because puppies live in kennels.

Why it happens

The mind offers the strongest link it has, and kennels are strongly linked to puppies.

A worked example

Question. Kitten is to Cat as Puppy is to what?

A common answer. Kennel

The answer. Dog

Why. Kitten is the young of a cat, so the answer must be the animal a puppy is the young of. The relation is young to adult, not lives in.

Put the two side by side

Kennel is something linked to a puppy.
Dog matches the relation young to adult.

Name the relation in the first pair first, then apply that exact relation.

A word found inside one word, not across the join

What it looks like

BIG is picked out of a single word when the answer must bridge two neighbouring words.

Why it happens

A real word jumps off the page wherever it sits, and the joining rule is forgotten in the excitement.

A worked example

Question. Find the word hidden across two words in: we saw a big oat field

A common answer. BIG, because it is a word in the sentence

The answer. GOAT

Why. GOAT is spelt by the end of big and the start of oat. The hidden word must use letters from both neighbours.

Put the two side by side

BIG sits inside one word.
GOAT bridges big and oat.

The hidden word must take letters from the end of one word and the start of the next.

A word that fits one gap but not every gap

What it looks like

HAIR is chosen for brush, paste and ache because HAIRBRUSH works.

Why it happens

The first pairing that works feels like the answer, so the other pairings never get tested.

A worked example

Question. Which word goes before brush, paste and ache?

A common answer. HAIR, because HAIRBRUSH is a word

The answer. TOOTH

Why. TOOTHBRUSH, TOOTHPASTE and TOOTHACHE are all real. HAIRPASTE and HAIRACHE are not, so HAIR fails the test.

Put the two side by side

HAIR fits brush only.
TOOTH fits brush, paste and ache.

Test the word against every gap before choosing, not just the first.

An unrelated word chosen

What it looks like

A word with no connection to the target is given as the closest in meaning.

Why it happens

When none of the options is obviously right, any of them can start to look plausible.

A worked example

Question. Closest in meaning to rapid

A common answer. heavy

The answer. swift

Why. Heavy is about weight and rapid is about speed.

Put the two side by side

Heavy: about mass.
Swift: about speed, like rapid.

Name what kind of quality the word describes. Then only options of that kind can compete.

The letters not rearranged

What it looks like

The original word is given back, or a rearrangement that is not a word.

Why it happens

Rearranging letters in your head is genuinely hard and the original keeps reappearing.

A worked example

Question. Rearrange LISTEN into another word

A common answer. LISTEN

The answer. SILENT

Why. The answer has to use all six letters in a different order.

Put the two side by side

LISTEN: the word you started with.
SILENT: the same six letters, rearranged.

Write the letters out separately and cross each one off as you use it.

The opposite chosen instead of the synonym

What it looks like

A word meaning the opposite is picked as closest in meaning.

Why it happens

Opposites are strongly linked to a word in memory, so they surface as quickly as synonyms do.

A worked example

Question. Closest in meaning to rapid

A common answer. calm

The answer. swift

Why. Calm is roughly the opposite of rapid, not a match for it.

Put the two side by side

Opposite: calm, slow, still.
Same: swift, quick, fast.

Say the two words in one sentence. If one cancels the other, it is an antonym.

The right direction but the wrong strength

What it looks like

Big is to enormous as small is to LITTLE, when TINY matches the jump in strength.

Why it happens

Little sits on the right side of small, so the answer feels close enough.

A worked example

Question. Big is to Enormous as Small is to what?

A common answer. Little

The answer. Tiny

Why. Enormous is an extreme version of big, so the answer must be an extreme version of small. Little just repeats small; tiny is the extreme.

Put the two side by side

Little repeats small.
Tiny is small taken to the extreme, as enormous is to big.

Match how strong the second word is, not just its direction.

Two real words joined into a word that does not exist

What it looks like

SILVER and BIRD are joined and offered as a compound word.

Why it happens

Both halves are real words, so the join feels as if it must be real too.

A worked example

Question. Which pair makes a real compound word: BUTTER + FLY or GOLDEN + BEE?

A common answer. GOLDEN + BEE, because both halves are real words

The answer. BUTTER + FLY

Why. A compound word has to be a word people actually use. BUTTERFLY is in the dictionary; GOLDENBEE is not.

Put the two side by side

GOLDENBEE is two real words stuck together.
BUTTERFLY is two real words that make a real new word.

Say the joined word out loud and ask: have I ever read or heard this word?

WAJD spots these patterns in your child's answers and names the one behind their wrong answers, instead of just marking them wrong.

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